HISTORY & GENERATIONS
The
development of computers has followed difference steps in the
technology used and these steps of technological differences are called
as generations.
FIRST GENERATION (1945-1960):
The
first generation of computer were those computers which use Vacuum
Tubes or Valves technology. Almost all the early computer like ENIAC,
EDVAC, EDSAC etc. were made a reality only by the invention of vacuum
tube, which is a fragile glass device that can control and amplify
electronic signals. In this computer they are using 18,000
vacuum
tubes, 70,000 resisters, 10,000 capacitors and 60,000 switches. It took
150 kilo watt electric power and it produce large amount of heat. They
were bulky and required large space. They had small primitive memories
and no auxiliary storage.
SECOND GENERATION (1960-1965):
With
the development of transistors and their use in circuits, magnetic core
for memory storage, the vacuum tubes of first generation are replaced
by transistors to arrive at second generation of computers. The size of
transistors is much smaller when compared to vacuum tubes. They consumed
less power generated less heat and are faster and reliable. William B
Shickley, John Burdeen and Walter H Brattain are the scientists develop
the transistors. They are working bell telephone, U.S.A.
They got noble prize. The major advantage use of transistors was that
the size of computer has come down as well as the power consumption.
Even the cost of transistors is less in comparison with the cost of
vacuum tubes, the cost of computer reduced drastically, they were more
reliable then first generation computers. Fortran, cobol, snowbal, algol
etc. like high level languages are developed in this generation. In
this generation they are using magnetic tapes for storing.
THIRD GENERATION (1965-1975):
With
the development of silicon chips. The third generation of computers
came into existence. These computers used compact integrated circuits
(IC's) of silicon chips in place of transistors. Each of these IC's
consisted of large number of chips in very small packages. With these
IC's coming into picture the size of computers, cost, heat generation
and power consumption decreased to a great extent, speed and reliability
increased as compared to previous generations. These machines used IC's
with LSI (Large Scale Integration).
FOURTH GENERATION (FROM 1975):
The
computers belonging to these generation used Integrated Circuits with
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration). These computers have high
processing powers, low maintenance, high reliability and very low power
consumption. These computer reduces the cost as well as the size of the
computer.
FIFTH GENERATION:
These
computers use optic fiber technology to handle Artificial Intelligence,
expert systems, robotics etc. These computers have very high processing
speeds and are more reliable.
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